Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ocular drug delivery gene therapy drug delivery systems port delivery system New drug targets and modalities have stimulated exciting developments in ocular drug delivery with the promise of greater efficacy and durability of AMD treatment. Gene therapy and stem cell therapy has recently emerged as a potential candidate treatment modality for AMD and other retinal degenerations. Advancements in nanotechnology and biomaterials have also led to the development of microscopic drug delivery systems, including hydrogels, microparticles, nanoparticles, implants, and liposomes. Subretinal and suprachoroidal delivery approaches are also being explored for gene and molecular therapies. Intravitreal delivery of anti-VEGF protein treatments to halt CNV is currently the gold-standard of care for nAMD. Various targeted therapeutic options are currently available to reduce the progression rate and maintain vision in patients with nAMD. Wet AMD is characterized by angiogenesis from the choroid to the normally avascular regions underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or retina, a process known as choroidal neovascularization (CNV). GA is often bilateral and results from progressive and irreversible loss of photoreceptors and areas of the retinal pigment epithelium. Advanced AMD can be classified into two subtypes: late-stage dry AMD and neovascular AMD (nAMD). AMD is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in industrialized countries and accounts for 8.7% of blindness worldwide.
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